Histone Modification Antibodies

Histone lysine methylation is a well-established transcriptional mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Histone N-terminal tails are susceptible to post-translational modifications (PTMs) and can influence many biological processes, such as transcription, replication, and chromosome maintenance. Methylation Patterns Methylation of lysine residues can occur at different positions on the histone, and this can have different effects on gene expression. For example, methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me) is typically associated with active gene expression, while methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me) is linked to repressed gene expression. The methylation patterns on histones are tightly controlled by lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) to preserve cell fate and genomic stability. KMTs are enzymes that transfer a methyl group to a specific lysine residue on a histone, whereas KDMs facilitate methyl group removal. The balance between the activity of these enzymes ensures that the proper patterns are maintained. Dysregulation of this process can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer. What makes buying antibodies from EpiGentek different? At EpiGentek, we supply a collection of over 20,000 individual high-quality antibodies for our customers to ensure that our research customers find exactly what they need for their studies. In addition, we offer a variety of other benefits to help our customers in terms of affordability, convenience, and reliability. See why working with EpiGentek for your antibodies is the right choice: No Shipping & Handling Costs: we’ve waived all shipping and handling fees on our antibodies and antibody panel packs when selecting 2-day shipping (trial sizes not applicable). 100% Application Guarantee: your purchased antibodies are covered for 6-months past the date of purchase. Multiple Conjugates: we carry biotin, FITC and HRP conjugates for nearly all targets. Trial Sizes Available: 10 & 20 µl options available for thousands of antibodies in our catalog.

Arginine methylation is a broadly expressed post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs on both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. It is especially prevalent on proteins that can shuttle continuously between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Histone arginine methylation is a type of PTM occurring on the arginine residues of histone protein tails. This mark can promote or hinder the docking of key transcriptional effector molecules, thus making it a key contributor of the histone code. Arginine can be mono-methylated or di-methylated. There are two main types of arginine di-methylation: asymmetric (two methyl groups on the same nitrogen within the arginine residue side chain) and symmetric (each methyl group on a separate nitrogen). For example, symmetric di-methylation of histone H3 at arginine 2 (H3R2me2s) is associated with active chromatin, whereas histone H4R3me2s is linked to heterochromatin formation and silencing of genes. The methylation of histone arginine is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), of which there are three main types. Type I (e.g., CARM1, PRMT1, PRMT2, PRMT3, PRMT6, and PRMT8) and type II (e.g., PRMT5 and PRMT9) are responsible for the asymmetric and symmetric di-methylation of arginine residues, respectively, as well as for mono-methylation, while type III (e.g., PRMT7) produces only mono-methylated arginine. What makes buying antibodies from EpiGentek different? At EpiGentek, we supply a collection of over 20,000 individual high-quality antibodies for our customers to ensure that our research customers find exactly what they need for their studies. In addition, we offer a variety of other benefits to help our customers in terms of affordability, convenience, and reliability. See why working with EpiGentek for your antibodies is the right choice: No Shipping & Handling Costs: we’ve waived all shipping and handling fees on our antibodies and antibody panel packs when selecting 2-day shipping (trial sizes not applicable). 100% Application Guarantee: your purchased antibodies are covered for 6-months past the date of purchase. Multiple Conjugates: we carry biotin, FITC and HRP conjugates for nearly all targets. Trial Sizes Available: 10 & 20 µl options available for thousands of antibodies in our catalog.

Histone methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the amino-terminal tails of histone proteins. This modification can affect the way that the DNA wrapped around histones is packaged, and can have a major impact on how genes are expressed. Depending on the specific modification and the context in which it occurs, histone methylation can have either activating or repressive effects. Histone methylation is not a static modification, but rather a dynamic process that can be influenced by different factors and can be reversed. Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) are enzymes that transfer a methyl group from a methyl donor molecule, such as S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), to a specific residue on a histone protein, while histone demethylases (HDMs) catalyze the reverse reaction. Both HMTs and HATs often act as part of larger protein complexes, which can also include other chromatin-modifying enzymes, and non-histone proteins, like transcription factors and chromatin remodelers. These complexes can work together to create specific chromatin environments that promote or repress gene expression. What makes buying antibodies from EpiGentek different? At EpiGentek, we supply a collection of over 20,000 individual high-quality antibodies for our customers to ensure that our research customers find exactly what they need for their studies. In addition, we offer a variety of other benefits to help our customers in terms of affordability, convenience, and reliability. See why working with EpiGentek for your antibodies is the right choice: No Shipping & Handling Costs: we’ve waived all shipping and handling fees on our antibodies and antibody panel packs when selecting 2-day shipping (trial sizes not applicable). 100% Application Guarantee: your purchased antibodies are covered for 6-months past the date of purchase. Multiple Conjugates: we carry biotin, FITC and HRP conjugates for nearly all targets. Trial Sizes Available: 10 & 20 µl options available for thousands of antibodies in our catalog.

Histone acetylation is a post-translational modification involving the addition of an acetyl group to the lysine residues of histone N-terminal tails, and its status can be studied with the use of histone acetylation antibodies. This modification is typically associated with an increase in the level of gene expression, as it causes the chromatin to become more relaxed and accessible to the transcriptional machinery. For instance, acetylated histone marks such as H3K9ac, H3K14ac, and H3K27ac have been linked to an open chromatin configuration and active gene expression state. Histone acetylation is mediated by enzymes known as histone acetyltransferases (HATs), which transfer the acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to the lysine residues on histones. Conversely, histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove the acetyl groups from histones, leading to a more tightly packed chromatin and a decrease in transcription. The balance between HATs and HDACs determines the overall level of histone acetylation and, in turn, the level of gene expression. What makes buying antibodies from EpiGentek different? At EpiGentek, we supply a collection of over 20,000 individual high-quality antibodies for our customers to ensure that our research customers find exactly what they need for their studies. In addition, we offer a variety of other benefits to help our customers in terms of affordability, convenience, and reliability. See why working with EpiGentek for your antibodies is the right choice: No Shipping & Handling Costs: we’ve waived all shipping and handling fees on our antibodies and antibody panel packs when selecting 2-day shipping (trial sizes not applicable). 100% Application Guarantee: your purchased antibodies are covered for 6-months past the date of purchase. Multiple Conjugates: we carry biotin, FITC and HRP conjugates for nearly all targets. Trial Sizes Available: 10 & 20 µl options available for thousands of antibodies in our catalog.

Histone deacetylation is the process by which acetyl groups are removed from the lysine residues of histone proteins, and can be investigated using HDAC antibodies. Acetylation of histones can alter the structure of chromatin and affect the accessibility of the genetic material to DNA polymerases and transcription factors. Histone deacetylation is typically associated with the repression of gene expression, as the condensed chromatin structure, also known as heterochromatin, makes it more difficult for the transcription machinery to access the DNA. Histone deacetylation plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation, and is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called histone deacetylases (HDACs). Deviations from normal HDAC activity can promote aberrant transcription of genes regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Some cancer drugs, such as HDAC inhibitors, target the HDAC enzymes and prevent histone deacetylation in order to induce cancer cell death or differentiation. What makes buying antibodies from EpiGentek different? At EpiGentek, we supply a collection of over 20,000 individual high-quality antibodies for our customers to ensure that our research customers find exactly what they need for their studies. In addition, we offer a variety of other benefits to help our customers in terms of affordability, convenience, and reliability. See why working with EpiGentek for your antibodies is the right choice: No Shipping & Handling Costs: we’ve waived all shipping and handling fees on our antibodies and antibody panel packs when selecting 2-day shipping (trial sizes not applicable). 100% Application Guarantee: your purchased antibodies are covered for 6-months past the date of purchase. Multiple Conjugates: we carry biotin, FITC and HRP conjugates for nearly all targets. Trial Sizes Available: 10 & 20 µl options available for thousands of antibodies in our catalog.

Histone acetylation at lysine residues is an important epigenetic marker and can be measured with the use of histone lysine acetylation antibodies. Acetylation of histones reduces the interaction of histone N-termini with the phosphate groups of DNA, thereby loosening chromatin and opening it up for increased gene transcription. Acetylation of H3K14, for instance, has been linked to transcriptional activation and specifically DNA repair. The addition of acetyl groups to histones, a process catalyzed by HAT enzymes (histone acetyltransferases), causes chromatin to relax and become more open (a state called euchromatin). HATs are therefore responsible for promoting euchromatin formation and gene expression. Conversely, deacetylation can cause chromatin to condense and become more closed (a state called heterochromatin), which represses the transcription of genes. What makes buying antibodies from EpiGentek different? At EpiGentek, we supply a collection of over 20,000 individual high-quality antibodies for our customers to ensure that our research customers find exactly what they need for their studies. In addition, we offer a variety of other benefits to help our customers in terms of affordability, convenience, and reliability. See why working with EpiGentek for your antibodies is the right choice: No Shipping & Handling Costs: we’ve waived all shipping and handling fees on our antibodies and antibody panel packs when selecting 2-day shipping (trial sizes not applicable). 100% Application Guarantee: your purchased antibodies are covered for 6-months past the date of purchase. Multiple Conjugates: we carry biotin, FITC and HRP conjugates for nearly all targets. Trial Sizes Available: 10 & 20 µl options available for thousands of antibodies in our catalog.

Antibodies that detect phosphorylated target proteins help researchers to understand the role phosphorylation plays in cellular processes. Phosphorylation can turn numerous protein enzymes on and off by adding a phosphate group to the proteins, thereby affecting their activity and function. Histone Phosphorylation Histone phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that occurs on the tail regions of histone proteins. It entails the addition of a phosphate group to specific amino acid residues on the histone tails, which can affect the structure and function of chromatin. The phosphorylation of histones can modulate the accessibility of DNA to the transcriptional machinery, and thus is involved in regulating gene expression. Histone phosphorylation is mediated by specific enzymes called histone kinases, and is reversible, meaning the phosphate group can be removed by histone phosphatases. This dynamic regulation of histone phosphorylation is thought to play an important role in the cell cycle, DNA damage repair, and other processes. What makes buying antibodies from EpiGentek different? At EpiGentek, we supply a collection of over 20,000 individual high-quality antibodies for our customers to ensure that our research customers find exactly what they need for their studies. In addition, we offer a variety of other benefits to help our customers in terms of affordability, convenience, and reliability. See why working with EpiGentek for your antibodies is the right choice: No Shipping & Handling Costs: we’ve waived all shipping and handling fees on our antibodies and antibody panel packs when selecting 2-day shipping (trial sizes not applicable). 100% Application Guarantee: your purchased antibodies are covered for 6-months past the date of purchase. Multiple Conjugates: we carry biotin, FITC and HRP conjugates for nearly all targets. Trial Sizes Available: 10 & 20 µl options available for thousands of antibodies in our catalog.

Ubiquitination and sumoylation are post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins that regulate various cellular processes. Ubiquitination: A small protein called ubiquitin is added to a target protein, resulting in the targeting of the protein for degradation by the proteasome, or in the alteration of its function or localization. Sumoylation: A small protein called SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) is added to a target protein, it can also alter the protein's function, localization, or stability, although this PTM typically stabilizes proteins and protects them from degradation. Both ubiquitination and sumoylation are mediated by specific enzymes called E3 ubiquitin ligases and SUMO ligases, respectively. These enzymes recognize specific sequences in the target protein and transfer the ubiquitin or SUMO protein to a lysine residue on the target protein. Ubiquitination has been known to affect proteins by altering cellular location, impacting protein activity, and adjusting protein-protein interactions. Research shows that sumoylation regulates protein-protein interactions and subcellular targeting and is involved in numerous processes such as nuclear-cytosolic transport, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, response to stress, protein stability, and progression through the cell cycle. Ubiquitination antibodies and sumoylation antibodies are thus useful tools to researchers investigating the control mechanisms associated with numerous nuclear proteins. What makes buying antibodies from EpiGentek different? At EpiGentek, we supply a collection of over 20,000 individual high-quality antibodies for our customers to ensure that our research customers find exactly what they need for their studies. In addition, we offer a variety of other benefits to help our customers in terms of affordability, convenience, and reliability. See why working with EpiGentek for your antibodies is the right choice: No Shipping & Handling Costs: we’ve waived all shipping and handling fees on our antibodies and antibody panel packs when selecting 2-day shipping (trial sizes not applicable). 100% Application Guarantee: your purchased antibodies are covered for 6-months past the date of purchase. Multiple Conjugates: we carry biotin, FITC and HRP conjugates for nearly all targets. Trial Sizes Available: 10 & 20 µl options available for thousands of antibodies in our catalog.

Other histone antibodies can be used to study the core nucleosomal histones, the histones regularly associated with DNA in chromatin, as well as non-canonical histone variants that often can substitute for the core histones under diverse physiological and environmental conditions. The core nucleosomal histones are mostly incorporated into chromatin during DNA replication, while histone variants can be integrated throughout the cell cycle. Adjoining of these histone variants can alter chromatin structure and affect transcription, DNA replication and other biological processes, and can influence embryonic development and cell fate decisions. Some well-known histone variants include H2A.X, H2A.Z and H3.3.