Histone lysine methylation is a well-established transcriptional mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Histone N-terminal tails are susceptible to post-translational modifications (PTMs) and can influence many biological processes, such as transcription, replication, and chromosome maintenance.
Methylation Patterns
Methylation of lysine residues can occur at different positions on the histone, and this can have different effects on gene expression. For example, methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me) is typically associated with active gene expression, while methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me) is linked to repressed gene expression.
The methylation patterns on histones are tightly controlled by lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) to preserve cell fate and genomic stability. KMTs are enzymes that transfer a methyl group to a specific lysine residue on a histone, whereas KDMs facilitate methyl group removal. The balance between the activity of these enzymes ensures that the proper patterns are maintained. Dysregulation of this process can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer.
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