These highly reactive molecules can induce various types of damage, including base modifications, strand breaks, and crosslinks, potentially leading to genomic instability, mutations, and altered gene expression. To counteract the deleterious effects of oxidative damage, cells rely on intricate repair pathways such as base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and homologous recombination (HR), which help maintain genomic integrity and prevent the accumulation of damage.