DNA methylation and demethylation are major epigenetic mechanisms that modulate gene expression in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Epigenetic modification 5-methylcytosine (5mC), considered the hallmark of gene silencing, has been implicated to play an important role in regulating several cellular and developmental processes, including mediating carcinogenic transformation of healthy cells. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) derived from enzymatic oxidization of 5mC has also been associated with many biological processes, including the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, neuron development, and tumorigenesis in mammals.
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